Trace element deficiency: pathophysiology, diagnosis and effects in pregnant women and children

Abstract

This research dealt with the deficiency of trace elements, their frequency, pathophysiologies and consequences that produce effects on pregnant women and children, since these chemical elements are sources of energy and of great importance for the human being inside the womb to achieve its healthy development and with vitality, for which women in gestation periods must maintain a rigorous feeding process, because they need micronutrients that contribute significantly to their growth. In this sense, the general objective of the work was to analyze the deficiency of trace elements: pathophysiology, diagnosis and effects in pregnant women and children, through a documentary, descriptive and bibliographic review, using the different scientific databases and indexed journals such as El Sevier, Dialnet, Jurn, Redalyc, Scielo, Psicodoc, Pubmed with the study time of the year 2011-2022. In this investigation it was shown that the deficiency of trace elements presents a wide frequency in various Latin American countries with different percentages according to the deficiency of the trace element such as Iodine, which in Ecuador has a 10.5% prevalence while Colombia and Venezuela have a 33.6% and 36.3 % while in Iron deficiency Venezuela has the lowest percentage with 36.6% compared to Ecuador and Colombia that have 44.7% and 69.0%, on the other hand the Folic Acid deficit places Ecuador with 42.1% being this the country with the lowest deficit of this trace element compared to Mexico and Venezuela, which have 61.7% and 53%, while the fluorine deficit has a higher percentage of prevalence in Mexico with 56.3% compared to Ecuador and Venezuela, which have a minimum percentage of 28.9% and 19.3%, the deficit of these trace elements present in various Latin American countries contributes to the presence of several pathophysiologies in pregnant women. before and children such as anemia, malnutrition, threatened abortions, fetal growth retardation due to skeletal alterations, these also cause alterations in the various systems and organs of the human body, it was concluded that the deficit of the following trace elements zinc, chromium, manganese and lithium affect both pregnant women and children, triggering pathophysiologies such as: Keshan disease, alterations in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, growth retardation, liver damage and affections in the systems of the human body.