Theories that hypothesize the presence of olfactory dysfunctions in Covid-19 patients
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59169/pentaciencias.v5i6.874Keywords:
Olfactory alterations; anosmia; COVID-19; chemosensory dysfunctionAbstract
The absence, decrease or distortion in olfactory perception has not only been one of the main symptoms in patients affected by the COVID-19 disease within the current pandemic context, but has also constituted one of the sequelae in post-covid patients. Olfactory dysfunctions significantly affect people's quality of life, since it is difficult for them to perceive odors, identify dangerous environmental conditions and perform other functions that depend on the olfactory sense. Although it is true that the etiopathogenesis of many olfactory alterations is mainly related to respiratory infections, such as colds, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea and recently with COVID-19, to date the pathophysiological mechanisms applicable to these alterations have not been clarified. The objective of this article was to clarify the possible mechanisms by which COVID-19 patients present alterations in smell, and thus offer a theoretical reference regarding the influence of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection on olfactory tissues. During the development of the topic, the generalities of COVID-19 were addressed, the scientific evidence and the main pathophysiological mechanisms that demonstrate that olfactory dysfunctions are mainly produced by the neurosensory mechanism as an inflammatory response of the immune system before infection with the SARS-CoV virus. 2 and not due to direct injuries to the olfactory epithelium. It is concluded that the presence of olfactory dysfunctions present in COVID-19 patients could be a clinical marker for timely diagnosis and effective treatment from the early stages of the disease, and legitimizes the need for professional preparation to be able to accurately evaluate the system olfactory for the prevention and control of COVID-19.
Downloads
References
Lavinsky J, Kosugi EM, Baptistella E, et al.(2020). An update on COVID-19 for the otorhinolaryngologist - a Brazilian Association of Otolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery (ABORL-CCF) Position Statement. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol; 885: 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.04.002.
Krajewska J, Krajewski W, Zub K, Zatonski T. (2020).COVID-19 in otolaryngologist practice: a review of current knowledge. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. doi:10.1007/s00405-020-05968-y.
Boesveldt S, Postma E M, B oak D, et a.(2018).Anosmia:A Clinical Review. Chemical Senses; 42: 513-23. doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjx025.
Gane S, Kelly C, Hopkins C. (2020). Isolated sudden onset anosmia in COVID-19 infection. A novel syndrome? Rhinology; 58. doi:10.4193/Rhin20.114.
Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, Hu Y, Tao ZW, Tian JH, Pei YY, Yuan ML, Zhang YL, Dai FH, Liu Y, Wang QM, Zheng JJ, Xu L, Holmes EC, Zhang YZ.(2020). A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 579(7798):265-269. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3. Epub 2020 Feb 3. Erratum in: Nature. 2020 Apr; 580 (7803):E7. PMID: 32015508; PMCID: PMC7094943
Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, Tan KS, Wang DY, Yan Y. (2020). The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Mil Med Res. 13;7(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0. PMID: 32169119; PMCID: PMC7068984
Ollarves-Carrero M, Rodriguez-Morales A, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez -Morales AJ.(2020). Anosmia in a healthcare worker with COVID-19 in Madrid, Spain. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101666.
Chen T, Dai Z, Mo P, Li X, Ma Z, Song S, Chen X, Luo M, Liang K, Gao S, Zhang Y, Deng L, Xiong Y.(2020). Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Older Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: A Single-Centered, Retrospective Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 75(9):1788-1795. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glaa089. PMID: 32279081; PMCID: PMC7184388
De Melo GD, Lazarini F, Levallois S, Hautefort C, Michel V, Larrous F, Verillaud B, Aparicio C, Wagner S, Gheusi G, Kergoat L, Kornobis E, Donati F, Cokelaer T, Hervochon R, Madec Y, Roze E, Salmon D, Bourhy H, Lecuit M, Lledo PM.( 2021). COVID-19-related anosmia is associated with viral persistence and inflammation in human olfactory epithelium and brain infection in hamsters. Sci Transl Med. 13(596):eabf8396. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf8396. Epub 2021 May 3. PMID: 33941622; PMCID: PMC8158965
Schwartz JS, Tajudeen BA, Kennedy DW.(2019). Diseases of the nasal cavity. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019; 164: 285-302. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63855-7.00018-6.
Ho C, Salimian M, Hegert J, et al. (2022).Postmortem Assessment of Olfactory Tissue Degeneration and Microvasculopathy in Patients With COVID-19. JAMA Neurol.79(6):544–553. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0154
Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med [en línea]. 2020 [citado 14/07/2020]. 26(4): 450-455. Doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9.
Brann DH, Tsukahara T, Weinreb C, Lipovsek M, Van den Berge K, Gong B, et al. (2020). Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. Sci Adv. 6(31): eabc5801. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5801
Rusu LC, Ardelean LC, Tigmeanu CV, Matichescu A, Sauciur I, Bratu EA.(2021). COVID-19 and Its Repercussions on Oral Health: A Review. Medicina (Kaunas).1;57(11):1189. doi: 10.3390/medicina57111189. PMID: 34833407; PMCID: PMC8619825.
Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U, Syeda H.(2020). Evidence of the COVID-19 Virus Targeting the CNS: Tissue Distribution, Host–Virus Interaction, and Proposed Neurotropic Mechanisms. ACS Chem Neurosci [Internet]. [citado 19 Sep 2023];11: 995–998. Disponible en: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00122
Li W, Li M, Ou G. (2020).COVID-19, cilia, and smell. Vol.287, FEBS Journal. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2020. p.3672–6.
Aragão MFVV, Leal MC, Cartaxo Filho OQ, Fonseca TM, Valença MM.(2020). Anosmia in COVID-19 associated with injury to the olfactory bulbs evident on MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2020 Sep 1;41(9):1703–6.
León Castellón R, Bender del Busto JE, Velázquez Pérez LC. (2020).Afectación del sistema nervioso por la COVID-19. Anales de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba [Internet]. [citado 19 Sep 2023];10(2):e760. Disponible en:http://www.revistaccuba.sld.cu/index.php/revacc/article/view/760/790
Li YC, Bai WZ, Hashikawa T. The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2020. doi:10.1002/jmv.25728
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Revista Científica Arbitrada Multidisciplinaria PENTACIENCIAS - ISSN 2806-5794.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
